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[[File:Peggy-O'Neal image.jpg|thumb|Cigar box exploits her fame and beauty, showing President Jackson introduced to Peggy O'Neal (left) and two lovers fighting a duel over her (right)]]
[[File:Margaret Peggy O'Neal Eaton 2.jpg|thumb|Peggy O'Neill Eaton, in later life]]
 
The '''''Petticoat Affair''''' (also known as the '''''Eaton Affair'''''), was a [[List of federal political scandals in the United States|U.S. scandal]] involving members of President [[Andrew Jackson]]'s [[Presidential cabinet|Cabinet]] and their wives, from 1829 to 1831. Led by [[Floride Calhoun]], wife of [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[John C. Calhoun]], these women, dubbed the '''''"Petticoats,"''''' socially ostracized then–Secretary of War [[John Eaton (politician)|John Eaton]] and his wife [[Peggy Eaton]], over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding the Eatons’ marriage; what they deemed as her failure to meet the "moral standards of a ''Cabinet Wife''".
 
The ''Petticoat Affair'' rattled the entire [[Presidency of Andrew Jackson|Jackson Administration]], and eventually led to the resignation of all but one Cabinet member. The ordeal facilitated [[Martin Van Buren]]'s rise to the presidency, and was in part responsible for Vice President Calhoun's transformation from a nationwide political figure with Presidential aspirations into a sectional leader of the Southern states.
 
==Background==
Margaret "Peggy" Eaton was the eldest daughter of William O'Neill, owner of the Franklin House, a boarding house and tavern located in [[Washington, D.C.]] a short distance from the [[White House]] that was a well-known social hub popular with politicians and military officials. Peggy was well-educated for a woman of that era – she studied French and was known for her ability to play the piano.<ref name=historynet>[http://www.historynet.com/andrew-jackson-the-petticoat-affair-scandal-in-jackons-white-house.htm/4 "Andrew Jackson: The Petticoat Affair, Scandal in Jackson's White House"], History Net, accessed August 4, 2009.</ref> [[William T. Barry]], who later served as [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]], wrote "of a charming little girl ... who very frequently plays the piano, and entertains us with agreeable songs."{{sfn|Marszalek|2000|p=1835}} As a young girl, her reputation had already begun to come under scrutiny, due to being employed in a bar frequented by men as well as her casual bantering with the boarding house's clientele. In her elder years, Peggy reminisced, "While I was still in [[pantalettes]] and [[hoop rolling|rolling hoops]] with other girls, I had the attention of men, young and old; enough to turn a girl's head."<ref name="One Woman">{{cite journal | jstor=3124447| title=One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals | author=Wood, Kristen E. | journal=Journal of the Early Republic | date=March 1, 1997 |volume=17 | issue=2 | pages=237–275 | doi=10.2307/3124447}}</ref>
 
When Peggy was 15 years old, her father intervened to prevent her attempt to elope with an Army officer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Watson |first=Robert P. |date=2012 |title=Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789-1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6LRVg0kn28C&pg=PA192 |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=192 |isbn=978-1-4422-1834-5}}</ref> In 1816, the now-17-year old married [[John B. Timberlake]] (1777–1828), a [[purser]] in the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="The Long">{{cite journal | title=The Long Agony Is Nearly Over | author=Jr, Royce McCrary and S. D. Ingham | journal=Historical Society of Pennsylvania | date=April 1, 1976}}</ref> Timberlake, aged 39, had a reputation as a drunkard and was heavily in debt.<ref name="The Long" /> The Timberlakes became acquainted with [[John Eaton (politician)|John Eaton]] in 1818.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerson |first=Noel Bertram |date=1974 |title=That Eaton Woman: In Defense of Peggy O'Neale Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3crAQAAIAAJ&q=%22john+eaton%22+%22friendly%22+%22timberlake%22&dq=%22john+eaton%22+%22friendly%22+%22timberlake%22 |location=Barre, MA |publisher=Barre Publishing |page=25}}</ref> At the time, Eaton was a wealthy 28-year-old widower and newly elected U.S. Senator from Tennessee, despite not yet having reached the constitutionally-mandated minimum age of 30.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Richard A. |date=2006 |title=200 Notable Days: Senate Stories, 1787 to 2002 |url=https://archive.org/details/200notabledaysse0000bake |url-access=registration |location=Washington, DC |publisher=US Government Printing Office |page=[https://archive.org/details/200notabledaysse0000bake/page/41 41] |isbn=978-0-16-076331-1}}</ref> He was also a long-time friend of [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Belohlavek |first=John M. |date=2016 |title=Andrew Jackson: Principle and Prejudice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |page=65 |isbn=978-0-415-84485-7}}</ref>
 
Once Timberlake told Eaton of his financial troubles, Eaton unsuccessfully attempted to have the Senate pass legislation that would authorize payment of the debts Timberlake had accrued during his Naval service. Eventually, Eaton paid Timberlake's debts, and procured him a lucrative posting to the U.S. Navy's [[Mediterranean Squadron (United States)|Mediterranean Squadron]]; many [[Rumormonger|rumormongers]] asserted that Eaton aided Timberlake as a means to remove him from Washington, in order for Eaton to socialize with Peggy. While with the Mediterranean Squadron, Timberlake died on April 2, 1828. This served to fuel new rumors throughout Washington, suggesting he had taken his own life, as the result of Eaton's supposed affair with Peggy.<ref name="The Long" /> Medical examiners concluded Timberlake had died of [[pneumonia]], brought on by [[pulmonary disease]].<ref name="historynet" />
 
==Controversy==
Jackson was elected president [[1828 United States presidential election|in 1828]], with his term set to begin on March 4, 1829. He was reportedly fond of Peggy Timberlake and encouraged Eaton to marry her.<ref>{{cite book |last=Humes |first=James C. |date=1992 |title=My Fellow Americans: Presidential Addresses that Shaped History |url=https://archive.org/details/myfellowamerican00hume |url-access=registration |location=New York, NY |publisher=Praeger |page=[https://archive.org/details/myfellowamerican00hume/page/41 41] |isbn=978-0-275-93507-8}}</ref> They were wed on January 1, 1829;<ref>{{cite book |last=Grimmett |first=Richard F. |date=2009 |title=St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: The History and Heritage of the Church of the Presidents, Washington, DC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKQKhVMFUAwC&pg=PA40 |location=Minneapolis, MN |publisher=Mill City Press |page=40 |isbn=978-1-934248-53-9}}</ref> only nine months after her husband's death. Customarily, it would have been considered "proper" for their marriage to have followed a longer [[mourning|mourning period]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nester |first=William |date=2013 |title=The Age of Jackson and the Art of American Power, 1815-1848 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWquAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Potomac Books |page=107 |isbn=978-1-61234-605-2}}</ref>
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?99247-1/petticoat-affair ''Booknotes'' interview with John Marszalek on ''The Petticoat Affair'', March 8, 1998], [[C-SPAN]]}}
Historian [[John F. Marszalek]] explained his opinion on the "real reasons Washington society found Peggy unacceptable":
<blockquote>She did not know her place; she forthrightly spoke up about anything that came to her mind, even topics of which women were supposed to be ignorant. She thrust herself into the world in a manner inappropriate for a woman. ... Accept her, and society was in danger of disruption. Accept this uncouth, impure, forward, worldly woman, and the wall of virtue and morality would be breached and society would have no further defenses against the forces of frightening change. Margaret Eaton was not that important in herself; it was what she represented that constituted the threat. Proper women had no choice; they had to prevent her acceptance into society as part of their defense of that society's morality.{{sfn|Marszalek|2000|pp=56-57}}</blockquote>
 
[[File:Floride Calhoun nee Colhoun.jpg|thumb|Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John Calhoun and leader of the "anti-Peggy" Washington wives]]
 
When Jackson assumed the presidency, he appointed Eaton as [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]. Floride Calhoun, [[Second Lady of the United States]], led the wives of other Washington political figures, mostly those of Jackson's cabinet members in an "anti-Peggy" [[coalition]], which served to shun the Eatons socially and publicly. The women refused to pay [[Courtesy call|courtesy calls]] to the Eatons at their home and to receive them as visitors, and denied them invitations to parties and other social events.<ref>{{cite book |last=Manweller |first=Mathew |title=Chronology of the U.S. Presidency |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA232 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=232 |isbn=978-1-59884-645-4|year=2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|thumb|President Andrew Jackson supported the Eatons in the Petticoat affair.]]
[[Emily Donelson]], niece of Andrew Jackson's late wife [[Rachel Donelson Robards]], and the wife of Jackson's adopted son and confidant [[Andrew Jackson Donelson]], served as Jackson's "surrogate [[First Lady]]".<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uqB3ehA7M0oC&pg=PA245 Chronology of the U.S. Presidency]'', p. 245.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Strock |first=Ian Randal |date=2016 |title=Ranking the First Ladies: True Tales and Trivia, from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=naSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Carrel Books |page= |isbn=978-1-63144-058-8}}</ref> Emily Donelson chose to side with the Calhoun faction, thus leading to Jackson replacing her with his daughter-in-law [[Sarah Yorke Jackson]], as his official hostess.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=naSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 Ranking the First Ladies]''</ref> [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Martin Van Buren]] was a widower, and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet; he raised himself in Jackson's esteem by aligning himself with the Eatons.<ref>{{cite book |last=Greenstein |first=Fred I. |date=2009 |title=Inventing the Job of President: Leadership Style from George Washington to Andrew Jackson |url=https://archive.org/details/inventingjobofpr0000gree |url-access=registration |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/inventingjobofpr0000gree/page/90 90] |isbn=978-0-691-13358-4}}</ref>
 
Jackson's sympathy for the Eatons stemmed in part from his late wife Rachel being the subject of innuendo during the presidential campaign, when questions arose as to whether her first marriage had been legally ended before she married Jackson. Jackson believed these attacks were the cause of Rachel's death on December 22, 1828, several weeks after his election to the presidency.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gripsrud |first=Jostein |date=2010 |title=Relocating Television: Television in the Digital Context |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k84q2Ems18MC&pg=PA202 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |page=202 |isbn=978-0-415-56452-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mattes |first1=Kyle |last2=Redlawsk |first2=David P. |date=2014 |title=The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkUZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=74 |isbn=978-0-226-20202-0}}</ref>
 
Eaton's entry into a high-profile cabinet post helped intensify the opposition of Mrs. Calhoun's group. In addition, Calhoun was becoming the focal point of opposition to Jackson; Calhoun's supporters opposed a second term for Jackson because they wanted Calhoun elected president. In addition, Jackson favored and Calhoun opposed the protective tariff that came to be known as the [[Tariff of Abominations]]. U.S. tariffs on imported goods generally favored northern industries by limiting competition, but southerners opposed them because the tariffs raised the price of finished goods, but not the raw materials produced in the south. The dispute over the tariff led to the [[Nullification Crisis]] of 1832, with southerners - including Calhoun - arguing that states could refuse to obey federal laws to which they objected, even to the point of secession from the Union, while Jackson vowed to prevent secession and preserve the Union at any cost. Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration, Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy in an attempt to gain political leverage.<ref name=historynet/> [[Duff Green]], a Calhoun protégé and editor of the ''United States Telegraph,'' accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun cabinet members [[Samuel D. Ingham]] (Treasury) and [[John Branch]] (Navy) removed from their positions.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=194}}
 
Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In 1830, reports had emerged which accurately stated that Calhoun, while [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These reports infuriated Jackson.{{sfn|Cheathem|2008|p=29}} Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters.{{sfn|Remini|1981|pp=306-307}} Calhoun published them in the ''Telegraph.''<ref name="John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832)">{{cite web |url= https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Calhoun.htm |title= John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President (1825–1832) |publisher= United States Senate |access-date= May 7, 2016}}</ref> Their publication gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy, which further enraged the President.{{sfn|Remini|1981|pp=306-307}}
 
==Resolution==
The dispute was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign, giving Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton cabinet members. Postmaster General [[William T. Barry]] was the lone cabinet member to stay, and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington, first as [[List of Governors of Florida|governor of Florida Territory]], and then as [[United States Ambassador to Spain|minister to Spain]].
 
On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a story appeared in the ''Telegraph'' stating that it had been "proved" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney General [[John M. Berrien]] had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=199}} Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|pp=199-200}} On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through Eaton's brother in law, Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and the second time threatened him with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation,{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=200}} and describing his situation as one of "pity and contempt." Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice.{{sfn|Parton|1860|p=366}} Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard, and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city, and returned safely to his home.{{sfn|Snelling|1831|p=200}} Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson then asked Eaton to answer for the charge. Eaton admitted that he "passed by" the place where Ingham had been staying, "but at no point attempted to enter ... or besiege it."{{sfn|Remini|1981|p=320}}
 
==Aftermath==
[[File:Mvanburen.jpeg|thumb|Secretary of State Martin Van Buren supported the Eatons, aiding in his rise to the presidency.]]
In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren to be Minister to Great Britain. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would "...kill him, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick."{{sfn|Latner|2002|page=108}} However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy. This raised Van Buren even further in Jackson's esteem.{{sfn|Meacham|2008|pp=171–175}} Van Buren was nominated for vice president, and was elected as Jackson's running mate when Jackson won a second term in [[1832 United States presidential election|1832]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1832 |title=Election of 1832 |last1=Woolley |first1=John |last2=Peters |first2=Gerhard |publisher=American Presidency Project |access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> Van Buren thus became the ''de facto'' heir to the presidency, and succeeded Jackson in 1837.
 
Although Emily Donelson had supported Floride Calhoun, after the controversy ended Jackson asked her to return as his official hostess; she resumed these duties in conjunction with Sarah Yorke Jackson until returning to Tennessee after contracting tuberculosis, leaving Sarah Yorke Jackson to serve alone as Jackson's hostess.
 
John Calhoun resigned as vice president shortly before the end of his term, and returned with his wife to South Carolina.<ref>Cheatham, Mark R. and Peter C. Mancall, eds., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA30&dq=%22martin+van+buren%22+petticoat+affair&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nNtbVMPIO8ylgwS214C4Ag&ved=0CBwQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=petticoat%20affair&f=false Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives],'' ABC-CLIO, 2008, 30-32.</ref> Quickly elected to the U.S. Senate, he returned to Washington not as a national leader with presidential prospects, but as a regional leader who argued in favor of states' rights and the expansion of slavery.
 
In regard to the Petticoat affair, Jackson later remarked, "I [would] rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation."<ref>Widmer, Edward L. 2005. ''Martin Van Buren'': The American Presidents Series, The 8th President, 1837–1841. Time Books. {{ISBN|978-0-7862-7612-7}}</ref> To Jackson, Peggy Eaton was just another of many wronged women whom over his lifetime he had known and defended. He believed that every woman he had defended in his life, including her, had been the victim of ulterior motives, so that political enemies could bring him down.{{sfn|Marszalek|2000|p=238}}
 
According to historian [[Daniel Walker Howe]], the episode influenced the emergence of feminism. The Cabinet wives insisted that the interests and honor of all women were at stake. They believed a responsible woman should never accord a man sexual favors without the assurance that went with marriage. A woman who broke that code was dishonorable and unacceptable. Howe notes that this was the feminist spirit that in the next decade shaped the woman's rights movement. The aristocratic wives of European diplomats in Washington shrugged the matter off; they had their national interest to uphold, and had seen how life worked in Paris and London.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848|last=Howe|first=Daniel Walker|author-link=Daniel Walker Howe|series=[[Oxford History of the United States]]|isbn=978-0-19-507894-7|year=2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe/page/337 337–339]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|title-link=What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848}}</ref>
 
==Legacy==
Historian [[Robert V. Remini]] says that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless."{{sfn|Remini|1981|p=320}} Historian Kirsten E. Wood argues that it "was a national political issue, raising questions of manhood, womanhood, Presidential power, politics, and morality."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mrs. Eaton Affair|url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-mrs-eaton-affair/|last=Wills|first=Matthew|date=2019-12-20|website=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>
 
The 1936 film ''[[The Gorgeous Hussy]]'' is a fictionalized account of the Petticoat affair. It featured [[Joan Crawford]] as Peggy O'Neal, [[Robert Taylor (actor)|Robert Taylor]] as John Timberlake, [[Lionel Barrymore]] as Andrew Jackson, and [[Franchot Tone]] as John Eaton.<ref>Nugent, Frank S., "[https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0CE3D7143CE53ABC4D53DFBF66838D629EDE The Gorgeous Hussy (1936)] Democratic Unconvention in 'The Gorgeous Hussy,' at the Capitol -- 'A Son Comes Home,' at the Rialto," movie review, ''The New York Times,'' 5 September 1936. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref><ref>Schwarz, Frederic D., "[https://www.questia.com/library/p437046/american-heritage/i3099776/vol-57-no-2-april-may 1831: That Eaton Woman]," ''American Heritage,'' April/May 2006, Vol. 57. No. 2 (Subscription only.) Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Cheathem |first=Mark Renfred |date=2008 |title=Jacksonian and Antebellum Age: People and Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wjCVfr4oxUC&pg=PA17 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-017-9 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Latner |first=Richard B. |chapter=Andrew Jackson |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |date=2002 |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |edition=7th |chapter-url=http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Jackson-Andrew.html |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Marszalek |first=John F. |date=2000 |orig-year=1997 |title=The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euL5ZJPW-4kC |location=Baton Rouge |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=978-0-8071-2634-9 |author-link=John F. Marszalek |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Meacham |first=Jon |date=2008 |title=American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8129-7346-4 |author-link=Jon Meacham |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Parton |first=James |date=1860 |title=Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeandrewjacks00partgoog/page/n739 648] |location=New York, NY |publisher=Mason Brothers |author-link=James Parton |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=1981 |title=Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832 |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. |isbn=978-0-8018-5913-7 |author-link=Robert V. Remini |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Snelling |first=William Joseph |date=1831 |title=A Brief and Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Andrew Jackson |url=https://archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/abriefandimpart00snelgoog/page/n172 164] |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Stimpson & Clapp |author-link=William Joseph Snelling |ref=harv}}
*Wood, Kirsten E. “‘One Woman so Dangerous to Public Morals’: Gender and Power in the Eaton Affair,” ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 17 (Summer 1997): 237-275.
 
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040819181956/http://womenshistory.about.com/library/prm/blandrewjackson1.htm "Andrew Jackson and the Tavern-Keeper's Daughter"], Women's History
*[http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/jackson/10.html Andrew Jackson on the Web: Petticoat Affair]
*[http://www.historynet.com/andrew-jackson-the-petticoat-affair-scandal-in-jackons-white-house.htm J. Kingston Pierce, "Andrew Jackson's 'Petticoat Affair'"], The History Net, June 1999
*''This American Life'', [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/485/surrogates# #485 "Surrogates", Act One: Petticoats in a Twist], (January 25, 2013). Sarah Koenig talks with historian Nancy Tomes about the Petticoat Affair.
 
[[Category:Political scandals in the United States]]
[[Category:Political controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:1831 in the United States]]
[[Category:John C. Calhoun]]
[[Category:Presidency of Andrew Jackson]]