「暴力的な非国家主体」の版間の差分

{{翻訳中途|1=[[:en:Violent non-state actor]] 2010年10月30日 22:18(UTC)|date=2010年11月}}

'''暴力的な非国家主体'''（ぼうりょくてきなひこっかしゅたい、{{lang-en-short|Violent non-state actor, '''VNSA'''}}）とは、その目標を達成するために[[違法性|違法]]・非合法な[[暴力]]を使用し、それによって[[国家]]の[[暴力の独占]]に挑戦している、一切の組織を指す（[[主権国家体制|主権国家]]の行使する[[公権力]]を除く）。この用語は、[[アメリカ軍]]によって公開された複数の論文にて使用されて来た<ref name="casebeer1">{{cite journal

date=September 2004 |

publisher=USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy}}</ref>。

== Rise of violent non-state actors ==

An attribute of the nation-state was characterized by [[Max Weber]] when he wrote "Furthermore, to-day, the use of force is regarded as legitimate only so far as it is either permitted by the state or prescribed by it".<ref>{{cite book |first=Max |last=Weber |first2=Talcott (translator) |last2=Parsons |year=1997 |origyear=1920 |title=The theory of social and economic organization |edition=reprint |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=0684836408 |page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=-WaBpsJxaOkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false 156]}}</ref> This attribute identified by Weber, is often described by social scientists as a state's [[monopoly on violence]] within its territory, for as Chibli Mallat wrote "Judicial power wields, through the rule of law, the most sophisticated manifestation of state coercion. There is no rule of law without the state's monopoly of violence".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Derrick |year=2006 |title=Endgame: The problem of civilization |volume=1 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |isbn=158322730X |page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CSsfg3325iEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false 312]}}</ref>

Williams identifies various types of non-state actors. [[Warlord|Warlords]] and [[militias]] have a territory over which they exercise some of the control functions of a government. [[Insurgencies]] are engaged in a civil war to take over the state or a portion thereof. Criminal organizations and youth [[gangs]] are essentially illegal business organizations. ("Crime for them is simply a continuation of business by other means".) <ref name="violentnonstate"/> [[Terrorist]] organizations are sometimes an early stage of an insurgency.

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== Relation to terrorism ==

Williams distinguishes between nationalist organizations which use terrorism, and "groups rooted in [[militant Islam]]."<ref name="violentnonstate"/> The former represents an early stage of an insurgency, where the goal is to take over territory. The latter has been discussed extensively elsewhere.

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== Origin and motives ==

Motives of VNSAs can be either mainly [[materialistic]] (like the [[Mafia]]), or mainly political/ideological (like the [[ETA]] or [[EZLN]]), or religious (like [[Al-Qaeda]]), or a mix of these.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} In reality these distinctions are often not clear. [[Hamas]] or [[FARC]] for instance might be viewed by their supporters as [[freedom fighters]], and by their detractors as [[terrorists]] or criminal conspiracies.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

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== 関連項目 ==

* [[レジスタンス運動]]