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核兵器開発が進行して、兵器は大量生産され小型化し軽量化し保管や取り扱い、維持がし易くなった。組み立ても容易になった。AFSWPは徐々にその重点を組み立てを訓練する部門から移して行き、備蓄管理に関わるようになり、管理、技術、兵站を担うようになった。1948年の[[サンドストーン作戦]]後に現場よりは計画や訓練に益々割くことになったが、核実験は支援した。1959年、AFSWPは[[アメリカ国防総省]]の戦闘部門[[アメリカ国防脅威削減局]]（DASA）になった。
 
==Origins起源==
[[核兵器]]は[[第二次世界大戦]]でイギリスやカナダの参加を得てアメリカ合衆国が主導した主要な研究開発[[マンハッタン計画]]により開発された。1942年から1946年にかけて[[アメリカ陸軍工兵司令部]][[レズリー・グローヴス]]{{仮リンク|少将 (アメリカ合衆国)|label=少将|en|Major general (United States)}}が指揮した。製造機関網を構築し、[[オークリッジ国立研究所|テネシー州オークリッジ]]の[[濃縮ウラン]]や[[ハンフォード・サイト|ワシントン州ハンフォード]]の[[プルトニウム]]製造、[[ロスアラモス]]の{{仮リンク|プロジェクトY|en|Project Y}}における兵器研究と設計が最も知られている。開発された核兵器は、1945年8月に[[日本への原子爆弾投下]]で使用された{{sfn|Brahmstedt|2002|pp=2–8}}。
[[Nuclear weapon]]s were developed during [[World War II]] by the [[Manhattan Project]], a major research and development effort led by the United States, with participation from the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, it was under the direction of [[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[Leslie R. Groves Jr.]], of the [[US Army Corps of Engineers]]. It created a network of production facilities, most notably for [[uranium enrichment]] at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory|Oak Ridge, Tennessee]], [[plutonium]] production at [[Hanford Site|Hanford, Washington]], and weapons research and design at the [[Los Alamos Laboratory]] in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico]]. The nuclear weapons that were developed were used in the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945.{{sfn|Brahmstedt|2002|pp=2–8}}
 
After the war ended, the Manhattan Project supported the [[:en:nuclear weapons test]]ing at [[:en:Bikini Atoll]] as part of [[:en:Operation Crossroads]] in 1946. One of [[:en:Secretary of the Navy]] [[:en:James Forrestal]]'s aides, [[:en:Lewis Strauss]] proposed this series of tests to refute "loose talk to the effect that the fleet is obsolete in the face of this new weapon."{{sfn|Rhodes|1995|pp=228–229}} The nuclear weapons were handmade devices, and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly, safety, reliability and storage before they were ready for production. There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended, but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development.{{sfn|Rhodes|1995|pp=212–213}}
 
Groves's biggest concern was about people. Soldiers and scientists wanted to return to their peacetime pursuits, and there was a danger that wartime knowledge would be lost, leaving no one who knew how to handle and maintain nuclear weapons, much less how to improve the weapons and processes. The military side of the Manhattan Project had relied heavily on [[:en:reservist]]s, as the policy of the Corps of Engineers was to assign regular officers to field commands.{{sfn|Groves|1962|pp=373–376}}{{sfn|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=75–76}} The reservists were now eligible for separation. To replace them, Groves asked for fifty [[:en:United States Military Academy|West Point]] graduates from the top ten percent of their classes to man bomb-assembly teams at [[:en:Sandia Base]], where the assembly staff and facilities had been moved from Los Alamos and [[:en:Wendover Field]] in September and October 1945. He felt that only such high-quality personnel would be able to work with the scientists who were currently doing the job. They were also urgently required for many other jobs in the postwar Army. When [[:en:General (United States)|General]] [[:en:Thomas T. Handy]] turned down his request, Groves raised the matter with the [[:en:Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]], [[:en:General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] [[:en:Dwight D. Eisenhower]], who similarly did not approve it. Groves then went over his head too, and took it to the [[:en:Secretary of War]], [[:en:Robert P. Patterson]], who agreed with Groves.{{sfn|Groves|1962|pp=373–376}}{{sfn|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|p=625}} The personnel manned the 2761st Engineer Battalion (Special), which became a field unit under the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP).{{sfn|Brahmstedt|2002|p=2}}
 
Groves hoped that a new, permanent agency would be created to take over the responsibilities of the wartime Manhattan Project in 1945, but passage of the [[:en:Atomic Energy Act of 1946]] through Congress took much longer than expected, and involved considerable debate about the proper role of the military with respect to the development, production and control of nuclear weapons.{{sfn|Groves|1962|pp=389–391}}{{sfn|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=628–630}} The act that was signed by [[:en:President of the United States|President]] [[:en:Harry S. Truman]] on 1 August 1946 created a civilian agency, the [[:en:United States Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project, but the commissioners were not appointed until October, and AEC did not assume its role until 1 January 1947.{{sfn|Groves|1962|pp=394–395}}{{sfn|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|pp=620–622}} In the meantime, the Military Appropriation Act of 1946 gave the Manhattan Project $72.4 million for research and development, and $19 million for housing and utilities at Los Alamos and Oak Ridge.{{sfn|Hewlett|Anderson|1962|p=635}}
 
The Atomic Energy Act provided for a Military Liaison Committee to advise the AEC on military matters,{{sfn|Jones|1985|p=598}} so Patterson appointed [[:en:Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[:en:Lewis H. Brereton]], who became chairman, along with Major General [[:en:Lunsford E. Oliver]] and Colonel [[:en:John H. Hinds]] as Army members of the Military Liaison Committee; Forrestal appointed [[:en:Rear Admiral (United States)|Rear Admirals]] [[:en:Thorvald A. Solberg]], [[:en:Ralph A. Ofstie]] and [[:en:William S. Parsons]] as its naval members.{{sfn|Lilienthal|Bacher|Pike|Strauss|1947|p=199}}
 
==Organization==
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