「遺伝子組換え食品」の版間の差分

 

遺伝子組み換え食品の商業販売は1994年、[[モンサント (企業)|Calgene]]社が[[追熟]]を遅らせたトマトの[[Flavr Savr]]を販売した時に始まった<ref name="James 1996">{{cite web |last=James |first=Clive |title=Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995 |url=http://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/pdfs/isaaabriefs/Briefs%201.pdf |publisher=The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications |year=1996 |accessdate=17 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Fray">{{cite book|author=Weasel, Lisa H. |year=2009|title=Food Fray: Inside the Controversy Over Genetically Modified Food|publisher=Amacom Publishing|isbn= 9780814401644 }}</ref>。組み換え食品の大部分は、[[ダイズ]]、[[トウモロコシ]]、[[アブラナ]]、[[ワタ属|ワタ]]など農家からの需要が高い[[商品作物]]に主に焦点を当てている。[[遺伝子組み換え作物]]は[[病原体]]耐性や[[除草剤]]耐性および[[栄養価]]向上を目的に取り組みが行われている。

 

GM作物から派生した現在入手可能な食品は、従来の食品よりも人間の健康に大きなリスクをもたらさないという[[科学的コンセンサス]]があるが<ref name="agrobio1">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.agrobio.org/bfiles/fckimg/Nicolia%202013.pdf|title=An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research|first1=Alessandro|last1=Nicolia|first2=Alberto|last2=Manzo|first3=Fabio|last3=Veronesi|first4=Daniele|last4=Rosellini|journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology|date=2013|pages=77?88|doi=10.3109/07388551.2013.823595|pmid=24041244|volume=34|issue=1}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5160E/y5160e10.htm#P3_1651The|title=State of Food and Agriculture 2003-2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ronald 11-20">{{Cite journal|url=http://genetics.org/content/188/1/11.long|title=Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security|first=Pamela|last=Ronald|journal=Genetics|date=May 5, 2011|volume=188|issue=1|pages=11-20|doi=10.1534/genetics.111.128553|pmid=21546547|pmc=3120150}}</ref><ref name="krimsky734">{{Cite journal|url=http://gaiapresse.ca/images/nouvelles/28563.pdf|title=A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants|first1=José L.|last1=Domingo|first2=Jordi Giné|last2=Bordonaba|journal=Environment International|date=2011|volume=37|issue=4|pages=734-42|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003|pmid=21296423}}<p>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tufts.edu/~skrimsky/PDF/Illusory%20Consensus%20GMOs.PDF|title=An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment|first=Sheldon|last=Krimsky|journal=Science, Technology, & Human Values|pages=883?914|doi=10.1177/0162243915598381|date=2015|volume=40|issue=6}}<p>And contrast:<p>{{Cite journal|title=Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons|first1=Alexander Y.|last1=Panchin|first2=Alexander I.|last2=Tuzhikov|journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology|volume=37|issue=2|date=January 14, 2016|issn=0738-8551|doi=10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684|pmid=26767435|pages=213?217}}<p>{{Cite journal|title=Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health|first1=Y.T.|last1=Yang|first2=B.|last2=Chen|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=96|issue=6|pages=1851-55|date=2016|doi=10.1002/jsfa.7523|pmid=26536836}}</ref><ref name="pinholster1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/AAAS_GM_statement.pdf|title=Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|date=October 20, 2012|accessdate=February 8, 2016|."}}<p>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-board-directors-legally-mandating-gm-food-labels-could-%E2%80%9Cmislead-and-falsely-alarm|title=AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"|first=Ginger|last=Pinholster|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|date=October 25, 2012|accessdate=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="europa2001">{{cite book|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/a_decade_of_eu-funded_gmo_research.pdf|title=A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010)|publisher=Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union.|doi=10.2777/97784|isbn=978-92-79-16344-9|accessdate=February 8, 2016|date=2010}}</ref><ref name="isaaa2001">{{cite web|url=https://www.isaaa.org/kc/Publications/htm/articles/Position/ama.htm |title=AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary) |publisher=American Medical Association |date=January 2001 |accessdate=March 19, 2016 |counterparts. ''(from original report by [[American Medical Association|AMA]]: [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/about-ama/our-people/ama-councils/council-science-public-health/reports/reports-topic.page?])''" }}<p>{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf |title=Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods |publisher=American Medical Association |date=2012 |accessdate=March 19, 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907023039/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/a12-csaph2-bioengineeredfoods.pdf |archivedate=September 7, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Library of Congress">{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/usa.php#Opinion|title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion|publisher=Library of Congress|date=June 9, 2015|accessdate=February 8, 2016|}}</ref><ref name="nap.edu">{{cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/7#149|title=Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects|publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US)|page=149|date=2016|accessdate=May 19, 2016|doi=10.17226/23395|pmid=28230933|isbn=978-0-309-43738-7|last1=National Academies Of Sciences|first1=Engineering|author2=Division on Earth Life Studies|author3=Board on Agriculture Natural Resources|author4=Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects}}</ref>、それでもGM食品はそれぞれ導入前に個別的に試験を行う必要がある<ref name="World Health Organization">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/|title=Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=February 8, 2016|}}</ref><ref name="Haslberger 2003 739-741">{{Cite journal|title=Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects|first=Alexander G.|last=Haslberger|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=21|issue=7|pages=739-41|date=2003|doi=10.1038/nbt0703-739|quote=These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.|pmid=12833088}}</ref><ref name="argenbio2004">Some medical organizations, including the [[British Medical Association]], advocate further caution based upon the [[precautionary principle]]:<p>{{cite web|url=http://www.argenbio.org/adc/uploads/pdf/bma.pdf|title=Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement|publisher=British Medical Association|date=March 2004|accessdate=March 21, 2016|}}</ref>。それにもかかわらず、一般の人達はGM食品を安全だと考える可能性が科学者よりも著しく低い<ref name="Pew Research Center">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/|title=Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society|first1=Cary|last1=Funk|first2=Lee|last2=Rainie|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=January 29, 2015|accessdate=February 24, 2016|quote=The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage points.}}</ref><ref name="Marris 2001 545-548">{{Cite journal|url=http://embor.embopress.org/content/2/7/545.full.pdf+html?|title=Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths|first=Claire|last=Marris|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=2|issue=7|pages=545-48|date=2001|doi=10.1093/embo-reports/kve142|pmid=11463731|pmc=1083956}}</ref><ref name="Final Report of the PABE research project">{{cite web|url=http://csec.lancs.ac.uk/archive/pabe/docs/pabe_finalreport.doc|title=Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe|date=December 2001|author=Final Report of the PABE research project|publisher=Commission of European Communities|accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="yoelinbar315">{{Cite journal|url=http://yoelinbar.net/papers/gmo_absolute.pdf|title=Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States|first1=Sydney E.|last1=Scott|first2=Yoel|last2=Inbar|first3=Paul|last3=Rozin|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|date=2016|volume=11|issue=3|pages=315-24|doi=10.1177/1745691615621275|pmid=27217243}}</ref>。GM食品の法整備や規制の状況は国によって異なり、一部の国ではそれを禁止したり制限を掛けており、他の国では規制の度合いに大きな差はあるもののそれを認可している<ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/restrictions-on-gmos/|title=Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms|publisher=Library of Congress|date=June 9, 2015|accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bashshur">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanbar.org/content/newsletter/publications/aba_health_esource_home/aba_health_law_esource_1302_bashshur.html|title=FDA and Regulation of GMOs|first=Ramona|last=Bashshur|publisher=American Bar Association|date=February 2013|accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Sifferlin">{{Cite journal|url=http://time.com/4060476/eu-gmo-crops-european-union-opt-out/|title=Over Half of E.U. Countries Are Opting Out of GMOs|first=Alexandra|last=Sifferlin|journal=Time|date=October 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Council on Foreign Relations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/agricultural-policy/regulation-gmos-europe-united-states-case-study-contemporary-european-regulatory-politics/p8688|title=The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics|first1=Diahanna|last1=Lynch|first2=David|last2=Vogel|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=April 5, 2001|accessdate=February 24, 2016}}</ref><!--出典5-16は引用の英文が長すぎるため、引用文を割愛し、資料名だけ記載。-->。